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[Words] ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ & Other Morphological Processes

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ

  • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š” ๊ต์ฐฉ์–ด / ์–ด๊ทผ์— ์ ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •

์–ด๊ทผ

  • ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„
  • ex) ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค-> ์–ด๋ฅธ

์ ‘์‚ฌ

  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๊ทผ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ
  • ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ, ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ
  • ex) ๋งจ์†, ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜

์กฐ์‚ฌ

  • ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ , ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ๋œป์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด
  • ex) ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฅ์„

์–ด๋ฏธ

  • ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„
  • ์„ ์–ด๋ง ์–ด๋ฏธ, ์–ด๋ง ์–ด๋ฏธ
  • ex) ๋จน๋Š” ๋‹ค, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฒ  ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ex) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์œผ์…จ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”

  • ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ… ์„ ์ฝ ์œผ์‹œ ์—ˆ ๊ฒ  ๋„ค์š”

๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ช‡[๊ด€ํ˜•์‚ฌ] / ๊ฐœ[๋ช…์‚ฌ] / ์˜[์กฐ์‚ฌ] / ๋ฌธ์žฅ[๋ช…์‚ฌ] / ์„[ํ†ต[์–ด๊ทผ] / ํ•ด[ํ•˜[์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ] / ์•ผ[์—ฌ๋ง์–ด๋ฏธ]]/ ๊ฒ [์„ ์–ด๋ง์–ด๋ฏธ] / ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[์–ด๋ง์–ด๋ฏธ]
  • ํ˜•ํƒœ[๋ช…์‚ฌ]/ ์†Œ[๋ช…์‚ฌ] / ๋ถ„์„[๋ช…์‚ฌ] / ์„[์กฐ์‚ฌ] / ํ•ด[ํ•˜[๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์–ด๊ทผ] / ์—ฌ[์–ด๋ง์–ด๋ฏธ]] / ๋ณด[์–ด๊ทผ]

Other Morphological Processes

Back-formation

  • ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„.
  • ex) editor → edit
  • ex) television → televise

Acronym

  • ๋ง์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ (๋ณ„๋‹ค์ค„)
  • ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„
    • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š” 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ, ์ดˆ์„ฑ
    • ์˜์–ด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž ←→ ํ•œ์Œ
Example
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Agency)
UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles)
FYI (for your information)
BTW (by the way)
๋ณ„๋‹ค์ค„
ใ…ˆใ„ฑใ„ด

Abbreviation/Clipping

  • ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ์•ž์—๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
  • ์˜์–ด๋Š” ๋’ค์— ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆผ.
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š” ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค.
Example
Fax (facsimile)
Gym (gymnasium)
Ad (advertisement)
Bike (bicycle)
Math (mathematics)
gas (gasoline)
dis (disrespect)
๊ท€์ฐฎ๋‹ค(๊ท€์น˜์•Š๋‹ค)
๋ฑ€(๋ฐฐ์•”)
์ƒˆ์•™์ฅ(์ƒ์ฅ)

Eponym: ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

  • ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ [์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ฆ„] ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์™€์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค
    • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ / ๊ณ ์œ  ๋ช…์‚ฌ → ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
denim (de Nemes)
Murphy’s Law (captain Ed Murphy)
burberry
ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋„ฅ์Šค, ์Šค์นด์น˜ํ…Œ์ดํ”„, ํ˜ธ์น˜ํ‚ค์Šค, ๋Œ€์ผ๋ฐด๋“œ

Blends: ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ž์–ด์„œ ์“ฐ๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ์•ž๋‹จ์–ด ์˜ ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„, ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ž์–ด์„œ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
smog (smoke + fog)
brunch (breakfast + lunch)
bromance (brother + romance)
์–ด๋ฅธ์ด (์–ด๋ฅธ + ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด)
ํ—ฌ๋ฆฐ์ด, ์š”๋ฆฐ์ด …

compounds: 2๊ฐœ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.

  • ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋„ ์•Œ์•„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์ด์œ : ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ ํŒŒ์•… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
  • ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋ถ™์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์ถ” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ or ์œ ์ถ” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š”: ํ•œ์ž์–ด + ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋œ๋‹ค.
land lord, head strong, green house, black board
๋ฌผ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ ํ•œ, ๊ณต๋ถ€ ํ•˜๋‹ค

๊ด€์šฉ์–ด or ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ฒ˜์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค

  • ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์ด๊ฑฐ์–ด
  • idoms (๊ด€์šฉ์–ด)
    • compound์™€ ๋น„์Šท, ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ์ด ์—†์Œ
    • A hot potato
    • Piece of cake - ์‹์€์ฃฝ ๋จน๊ธฐ (ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)
      • ์ง„์งœ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ผ€์ต ํ•œ์กฐ๊ฐ), ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ๋ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จ
    • Once in a blue moon
  • Multi-token words
    • New York
    • Rock ‘n’ roll

๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ํƒœ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค: ๊ฑฑ์ • = ํƒœ์‚ฐ

์†์— ์žกํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค: ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์‹ฌ๋ž€ or ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค

๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ํžˆ๋‹ค: ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ „ํ™˜ ํ•ด์•ผ์ง€

๋ˆˆ์ฝ” ๋œฐ ์ƒˆ ์—†๋‹ค: ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค

    •  ๋ง๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค