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[Semantics & Pragmatics] The meaning of language - ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก , ์–ด์šฉ๋ก 

Semantics (& Pragmatics)

Semantics (& Pragmatics) - The meaning of language

When Compositionality Goes Awry: Anomaly

Sentential Semantics (๋ฌธ์žฅ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก )

  • ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
๐Ÿ’ก Example
  • Truth
  • Entailment and Related Notions
  • Ambiguity

Compositional Semantics (๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก )

  • When Compositionality Goes Awry
๐Ÿ’ก Example
  • Anomaly
  • Metaphor
  • Idioms

Lexical Semantics (Word Meanings) - ์–ดํœ˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก  (๋‹จ์–ด ์˜๋ฏธ)

๐Ÿ’ก Example
  • Theories of Word Meaning
  • Lexical Relations
  • Semantic Features
  • Argument Structure 

Pragmatics (Discourse Meanings) - ์šฉ๋ฒ• (๋Œ€ํ™” ์˜๋ฏธ)

๐Ÿ’ก Example
  • Pronouns and Other Deictic Words
  • Implicature
  • Presupposition
  • Speech Acts </aside>

What Speaker Know about Sentence Meaning: Truth

  • ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ฐธ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ธ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” → ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ง„์œ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ
    • ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  & ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค 
๐Ÿ’ก John swims -> ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค or ๊ฑฐ์ง“
  • ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ True (tautologies - ๋™์‚ฌ)
๐Ÿ’ก Example
  • Circles are round.
  • A person who is single is not married. 
  • ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๊ฐœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ False (Contradiction - ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ)
๐Ÿ’ก Example
  • Circles are square.
  • A bachelor is married.

What Speaker Know about Sentence Meaning: Entailment and Related Notions

Entailment (ํ•จ์˜)
  • ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์ง„์‹ค์ผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋„ ์ง„์‹ค์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋“ค(paraphrases) ์ด๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ’ก Example

 

  • ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ’ก Example: Jack is alive. <--> Jack is dead.

What Speaker Know about Sentence Meaning: Ambiguity (๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ)

์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ง€์‹์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค.

Syntactic ambiguity (๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ค‘์˜์„ฑ)

  • ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
๐Ÿ’ก Example
ex. The boy saw the man with the telescope.
ex. ๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ๋ฌผ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค.

 

Lexical ambiguity (์–ดํœ˜์  ์ค‘์˜์„ฑ)

  • ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
๐Ÿ’ก Example
ex. This will make you smart. (๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ, ์–ผ์–ผํ•˜๋‹ค)
ex. ๋ง์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค.

 

Compositionality (๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ)

๐Ÿ’ก Example
ex. There is a house on the hill.

When Compositionality Goes Awry: Anomaly (๋ณ€์น™๋ฌธ)

Anomaly (๋ณ€์น™) - ๋ณ€์น™๋ฌธ Example
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ๋งน๋ ฌํžˆ ์ž”๋‹ค. (WHAT?????)
  • ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌํ•จ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

When Compositionality Goes Awry: Metaphor

  • Metaphor(์€์œ )๋Š” ๋ณ€์น™์  ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.
  • ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. -> A grief ago (์Šฌํ”ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„)
๐Ÿ’ก Walls have ears.
Literal meaning -> unacceptable -> stretching the meaning
Can be ambiguous
๋‚ฎ๋ง์€ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฐค๋ง ์€ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ’ก Example
Our doubts are traitors. -> ๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋‹ค
We must understand the individual words, the literal meaning of the expression, and facts about the world.
To understand Time is money you need to know that in our society people are often paid according to the amount of time worked. 

When Compositionality Goes Awry: Idioms

  • Idomatic Phrase (๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ) ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. (non-compositionality: ๋น„ํ•ฉ์„ฑ)
  • ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ํ†ต์ฑ„๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. → ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ํ†ต์ฑ„๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
    • ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค
    • ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด์—๋Š” ๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ’ก example
  • drop the ball (์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ง์น˜๋‹ค)
  • put his foot in his mouth (์‹ค์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค)
  • hit it off
  • ์ฃฝ์ด ์ž˜ ๋งž๋‹ค (์˜ท, ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡ ๋“ฑ ์—ด ๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ง)
  • ์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค
  • ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ์ฝฉ ๋‚˜๋‹ค
  • ์‚ผ์ฒœํฌ๋กœ ๋น ์ง€๋‹ค
  • ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์”Œ์šฐ๋‹ค
  • ๋ฐœ์ด ๋„“๋‹ค
  • ์ฅ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์—๋„ ๋ณ• ๋“ค ๋‚  ์žˆ๋‹ค
  • ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐŸํžŒ๋‹ค, ์ˆ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฒ‰ ํ•ฅ๊ธฐ
  • kick the bucket
  • ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹œ๋‹ค