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[Semantics & Pragmatics] Thematic Roles - μ˜λ―Έμ—­

Thematic Roles (μ˜λ―Έμ—­)

Thematic [Ɵ] roles (μ˜λ―Έμ—­)
: λ™μ‚¬μ˜ μΈμˆ˜μ™€ 동사가 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 상황 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„

 

Agent: the ‘doer’ of the action

μ–΄λ–€ ν–‰λ™μ˜ ‘μ‹€ν–‰μž’

 

Theme: the ‘undergoer’ of the action

ν–‰λ™μ˜ ‘λ°œλ‹¨’

 

 

Goal: the endpoint of a change in location or possession

μœ„μΉ˜ & μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ³€κ²½μ˜ 끝

 

 

Source: where the action originates

λ™μž‘μ΄ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”κ³³

 

 

Instrument: the means used to accomplish an action

μ–΄λ–€ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ 가지고 μ™„μ„±ν•œκ±° - key 같은 κ°œλ…
μ–΄λ–€ 행동을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨

 

Experiencer: one receiving sensory input

(지각동사),  κ°κ°μƒμ˜ input을 λ°›λŠ” 1개의 동사

 

Thermatic roles은 κΉŠμ€ κ΅¬μ‘°μ—μ„œ μ μ ˆν•œ μœ„μΉ˜μ— 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— paraphrasesμ—μ„œ λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€

 

πŸ’‘ Example

 


Semantic role labeling (μ˜λ―Έμ—­μ˜ Labeling μ—­ν• )


Pragmatics (ν™”μš©)

Pragmatics (ν™”μš©): λ¬Έλ§₯상 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ 이해과 관련이 μžˆλ‹€.
  • Linguistic context (언어적 λ§₯랡): 해석해야 ν•  ꡬ λ˜λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯ μ•žμ— μ˜€λŠ” λ‹΄ν™”
  • Situational context (상황적 λ§₯락): λŒ€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ 언어학적 이지 μ•Šμ€ λͺ¨λ“  것
πŸ’‘ Example
  • λ‚˜ λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν”Όκ³€ν•΄
  • μ „λ‚  λ‘˜μ΄ μˆ μ„ 늦게 κΉŒμ§€ λ§ˆμ‹  경우
  • μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ§€ν•˜μ²  νƒˆλž˜? νƒμ‹œ νƒˆλž˜? λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€λ˜ 상황인 경우
  • μ—„λ§ˆκ°€ μ²­μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‹œν‚¨ 경우

Deixis (μ§€μ‹œ λŒ€μƒ)

μ§€μ‹œ λŒ€μƒκ°™μ΄, λŒ€λͺ…사 - 그런 κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ 생각해도 λœλ‹€.
  • 상황에 따라 μ°Έμ‘°κ°€ λ‹¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 단어와 ν‘œν˜„μ„ λ§ν•œλ‹€.
    • I’ll put it here
    • Person deixis: I, you, she, that man, those girls
      • λˆ„κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λˆ„κ΅¬λž‘ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 지에
    • Time deixis: now, then, tomorrow, yesterday
      • μ–Έμ œ λ‚˜μ™”λŠ”μ§€, μ–΄λ–€ 기간에 걸쳐 λ…Όμ˜λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
    • Place deixis: here, there, yonder mountains
      • 말을 μ–΄λ””μ„œ λ§ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€, μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
πŸ’‘ Example (English..)
  • Arnold Schwarzenegger really likes it in Venice. On December 11, 2012, there was a boat parade in the canals in Venice. On December 12, 2012, an art festival will be held. The art festival on December 12, 2012 will be extremely fun.
  • I really like it in Venice. Today, there was a boat parade in the canals here. Tomorrow an art festival will be held. It will be extremely fun.

Situational Context (상황별 λ¬Έλ§₯)

πŸ’‘ Example
  • BIG SALE NEXT WEEK
  • before/behind; left/right; front/back
  • A thief came into the house.
  • A thief went into the house.

Pronouns and Linguistic Context

Pronouns(λŒ€λͺ…사)λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯μ΄λ‚˜, λŒ€ν™”μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ NP(Noun Phrase-λͺ…사ꡬ)둜 λΆ€ν„° meaning(의미)λ₯Ό μ–»μŒ.
  • λŒ€λͺ…사가 μ˜λ―Έμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” NPλŠ” 선행사 라고 λΆˆλ¦°λ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example
  • She likes pizza. She thinks it is the perfect food.
  • I just got back from Rome. I’ve always wanted to go there!
  • It seems that the man loves the woman. … Many people think he loves her.

 

  • Think about…
    • John likes Mike. He is good at basketball.

Referent (μ§€μ‹œ λŒ€μƒ) - (revisited)

πŸ’‘ Example
  • Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
  • Shakespeare takes up the whole bottom shelf.
  • We’re going to see Shakespeare in London.
  • I hate Shakespeare at school.
  • Picasso’s on the far wall
  • My Rolling Stones is missing.
  • Brazil wins World Cup.
  • Where’s the cheese sandwich sitting?
  • The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.
  • The cheese sandwich left without paying.
  • A couple of rooms have complained about the heat.
  • I just rented a house. The kitchen is really big.
  • The bus came on time, but he didn’t stop.

Implicature (함좕)

Inplicature(함좕): λ¬Έλ§₯에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ λ°œμ–Έμ—μ„œ λ„μΆœλ  수 μžˆλŠ” μΆ”λ‘ 
πŸ’‘ Example
SUE: Does Mary have a boyfriend?
BILL: She’s been driving to Santa Barbara every weekend.
Bill asserts that Mary drives to Santa Barbara every weekend and implicates that she has a boyfriend living in Santa Barbara.

 

πŸ’‘ Conversation Example
  • A: Do you know how to change a tire?
  • B: I know how to call a tow truck.
  • A: 타이어 갈 쀄 μ•Œμ•„?
  • B: 견인차 λ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯Ό 쀄 μ•Œμ•„μš”.

Presupposition (μ „μ œ)

πŸ’‘ Example
  • Have you stopped hugging your border collie? - ?
  • Takes some more tea. - μ°¨κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ „μ œ
  • Have another beer. - 그전에 μˆ μ„ λ§ˆμ…¨λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ „μ œ

 

  • The present King of France is bald. - ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ 왕이 μžˆμŒμ„ μ „μ œ

Maxims of Conversation

Maxim of conversation : λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” νšŒν™” μƒμ˜ κ΄€λ‘€
  • Maxim of Quality: Truth
    • μƒλŒ€ μ£ΌλŠ” μ •λ³΄μ˜ 질이 λ§žλŠ”μ§€ μ „μ œν•˜κ³  λ“£λŠ”λ‹€.
    • μƒλŒ€κ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 말이 참인지 μ „μ œν•˜κ³  λ“£λŠ”λ‹€.
  • Maxim of Quantity: Information
    • λŒ€ν™”μ˜ λͺ©μ μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ 만큼 정보λ₯Ό 제곡, ν•„μš”ν•œ 것보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ 정보λ₯Ό 제곡 X
    • Quanityλ₯Ό μ–΄κΈ°λ©΄ λŒ€ν™”κ°€ μž¬λ―Έκ°€ 없어지고, 지루해진닀. μ μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ 써야 ν•œλ‹€.
  • Maxim of Relation: Relevance
    • κ΄€λ ¨μ„± μžˆλŠ” λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€.
  • Maxim of Manner: Clarity
    • μƒλŒ€κ°€ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄λŠ” λŒ€λ‹΅μ— λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€λ‹΅ν•΄μ€˜μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ€‘μ˜μ„± 없이 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것
    • λͺ¨ν˜Έν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜μ§€ 말기, λΆˆν•„μš”ν•œ 말을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°, μ§ˆμ„œμ •μ—°ν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κΈ°

 

Violating the maxims

μ„œλ‘œ ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λ €λŠ” λŒ€μ „μ œ κ°€ κΉ”λ € μžˆλ‹€.
People tend to adhere to these maxims and expect others to do so. Therefore, if someone suddenly says, “It’s cold in here.” to someone standing by an open window, the listener can assume the speaker is violating the maxim of relevance, or she can assume that the utterance is relevant because the speaker would like he window closed.

μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ maxim을 κ³ μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 있고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•œλ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ κ°€ μ—΄λ¦° μ°½λ¬Έ μ˜†μ— μ„œ μžˆλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ μ—κ²Œ κ°‘μžκΈ° "μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” μΆ₯λ‹€" 라고 λ§ν•˜λ©΄, λ“£λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ ν™”μžκ°€ λŒ€ν™”μ—μ„œ 의 관련성이 μ—†λŠ” 말을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜, ν™”μžκ°€ 창문을 λ‹«κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ°œμ–Έμ΄ 관련성이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.
  • Can you pass the salt? -> politeness, to avoid FTA(체면을 μƒν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„)

 

Face

  • Face threatening act → μƒλŒ€λ°©μ˜ 체면을 μƒν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„
  • Face saving act → μƒλŒ€λ°©μ˜ 체면을 μ‚΄λ €μ£ΌλŠ” ν–‰μœ„
  • Politeness (무둀함)

 

Speech Acts

Speech Acts 에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 행동을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…
  • Performative Verbs (μˆ˜ν–‰λ™μ‚¬): 말을 ν• λ•Œ, 행동을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 동사
    • Some performative Verbs: bet, challenge, dare, fine, nominate, promise, resign
  • Illocutionary force (λ°œν™”λ ₯)
    • λ°œν™”λ ₯은 λͺ…λ°±ν•œ Performative Verbs 없이 λ°œν™”λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ°˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.
πŸ’‘ I’ve got five bucks that say you’re wrong
  • When you make a request..
 μ²­μ†ŒκΈ°λ₯Ό μž‘λ™ν•΄μ€˜ vs. 집이 λ”λŸ¬μ›Œ

μ“°λ ˆκΈ°λ₯Ό λ²„λ €μ€˜ vs. μ“°λ ˆκΈ°κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žλ‹€

섀거지λ₯Ό ν•΄μ€˜ vs. 컡이 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μ—†λ‹€

μ—„λ§ˆ λ°₯ 쀘 vs. μ—„λ§ˆ 배고파

λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό μž¬μƒν•΄μ€˜ vs. λ…Έλž˜ λ“£κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€