λ°μν
Thematic Roles (μλ―Έμ)
Thematic [Ζ] roles (μλ―Έμ)
: λμ¬μ μΈμμ λμ¬κ° μ€λͺ νλ μν© μ¬μ΄μ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό νν
Agent: the ‘doer’ of the action
μ΄λ€ νλμ ‘μ€νμ’
Theme: the ‘undergoer’ of the action
νλμ ‘λ°λ¨’
Goal: the endpoint of a change in location or possession
μμΉ & μμ κΆ λ³κ²½μ λ
Source: where the action originates
λμμ΄ λ°μνλκ³³
Instrument: the means used to accomplish an action
μ΄λ€ μλ¨μ κ°μ§κ³ μμ±νκ±° - key κ°μ κ°λ
μ΄λ€ νλμ νκΈ° μν΄ μ¬μ©λλ μλ¨
Experiencer: one receiving sensory input
(μ§κ°λμ¬), κ°κ°μμ inputμ λ°λ 1κ°μ λμ¬
Thermatic rolesμ κΉμ ꡬ쑰μμ μ μ ν μμΉμ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ paraphrasesμμ λμΌνκ² μ μ§
π‘ Example
Semantic role labeling (μλ―Έμμ Labeling μν )
Pragmatics (νμ©)
Pragmatics (νμ©): λ¬Έλ§₯μ μΈμ΄μ μ΄ν΄κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μλ€.
- Linguistic context (μΈμ΄μ λ§₯λ΅): ν΄μν΄μΌ ν ꡬ λλ λ¬Έμ₯ μμ μ€λ λ΄ν
- Situational context (μν©μ λ§₯λ½): λννλ νκ²½μμ μΈμ΄νμ μ΄μ§ μμ λͺ¨λ κ²
π‘ Example
- λ λ무 νΌκ³€ν΄
- μ λ λμ΄ μ μ λ¦κ² κΉμ§ λ§μ κ²½μ°
- μΉκ΅¬κ° μ§νμ² νλ? νμ νλ? λ¬Όμ΄λ΄€λ μν©μΈ κ²½μ°
- μλ§κ° μ²μλ₯Ό μν¨ κ²½μ°
Deixis (μ§μ λμ)
μ§μ λμκ°μ΄, λλͺ μ¬ - κ·Έλ° κ°λ μΌλ‘ μκ°ν΄λ λλ€.
- μν©μ λ°λΌ μ°Έμ‘°κ° λ¬λΌμ§λ λ¨μ΄μ ννμ λ§νλ€.
- I’ll put it here
- Person deixis: I, you, she, that man, those girls
- λκ° μλμ§, μλλ©΄ λꡬλ λ Όμνκ³ μλ μ§μ
- Time deixis: now, then, tomorrow, yesterday
- μΈμ λμλμ§, μ΄λ€ κΈ°κ°μ κ±Έμ³ λ Όμλκ³ μλμ§
- Place deixis: here, there, yonder mountains
- λ§μ μ΄λμ λ§νλμ§, μ΄λμμ μκΈ°νκ³ μλμ§
π‘ Example (English..)
- Arnold Schwarzenegger really likes it in Venice. On December 11, 2012, there was a boat parade in the canals in Venice. On December 12, 2012, an art festival will be held. The art festival on December 12, 2012 will be extremely fun.
- I really like it in Venice. Today, there was a boat parade in the canals here. Tomorrow an art festival will be held. It will be extremely fun.
Situational Context (μν©λ³ λ¬Έλ§₯)
π‘ Example
- BIG SALE NEXT WEEK
- before/behind; left/right; front/back
- A thief came into the house.
- A thief went into the house.
Pronouns and Linguistic Context
Pronouns(λλͺ μ¬)λ λ¬Έμ₯μ΄λ, λνμ λ€λ₯Έ NP(Noun Phrase-λͺ μ¬κ΅¬)λ‘ λΆν° meaning(μλ―Έ)λ₯Ό μ»μ.
- λλͺ μ¬κ° μλ―Έμ μμ‘΄νλ NPλ μ νμ¬ λΌκ³ λΆλ¦°λ€.
π‘ Example
- She likes pizza. She thinks it is the perfect food.
- I just got back from Rome. I’ve always wanted to go there!
- It seems that the man loves the woman. … Many people think he loves her.
- Think about…
- John likes Mike. He is good at basketball.
Referent (μ§μ λμ) - (revisited)
π‘ Example
- Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
- Shakespeare takes up the whole bottom shelf.
- We’re going to see Shakespeare in London.
- I hate Shakespeare at school.
- Picasso’s on the far wall
- My Rolling Stones is missing.
- Brazil wins World Cup.
- Where’s the cheese sandwich sitting?
- The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.
- The cheese sandwich left without paying.
- A couple of rooms have complained about the heat.
- I just rented a house. The kitchen is really big.
- The bus came on time, but he didn’t stop.
Implicature (ν¨μΆ)
Inplicature(ν¨μΆ): λ¬Έλ§₯μ κΈ°μ΄ν λ°μΈμμ λμΆλ μ μλ μΆλ‘
π‘ Example
SUE: Does Mary have a boyfriend?
BILL: She’s been driving to Santa Barbara every weekend.
Bill asserts that Mary drives to Santa Barbara every weekend and implicates that she has a boyfriend living in Santa Barbara.
π‘ Conversation Example
- A: Do you know how to change a tire?
- B: I know how to call a tow truck.
- A: νμ΄μ΄ κ° μ€ μμ?
- B: 견μΈμ°¨ λ₯Ό λΆλ₯Ό μ€ μμμ.
Presupposition (μ μ )
π‘ Example
- Have you stopped hugging your border collie? - ?
- Takes some more tea. - μ°¨κ° μλ€λκ²μ μ μ
- Have another beer. - κ·Έμ μ μ μ λ§μ ¨λ€λκ²μ μ μ
- The present King of France is bald. - νλμ€μ μμ΄ μμμ μ μ
Maxims of Conversation
Maxim of conversation : λνλ₯Ό μ§λ°°νλ νν μμ κ΄λ‘
- Maxim of Quality: Truth
- μλ μ£Όλ μ 보μ μ§μ΄ λ§λμ§ μ μ νκ³ λ£λλ€.
- μλκ° λ§νλ λ§μ΄ μ°ΈμΈμ§ μ μ νκ³ λ£λλ€.
- Maxim of Quantity: Information
- λνμ λͺ©μ μ νμν λ§νΌ μ 보λ₯Ό μ 곡, νμν κ²λ³΄λ€ λ λ§μ μ 보λ₯Ό μ 곡 X
- Quanityλ₯Ό μ΄κΈ°λ©΄ λνκ° μ¬λ―Έκ° μμ΄μ§κ³ , μ§λ£¨ν΄μ§λ€. μ μ νκ² μ¨μΌ νλ€.
- Maxim of Relation: Relevance
- κ΄λ ¨μ± μλ λνλ₯Ό ν΄μΌ νλ€.
- Maxim of Manner: Clarity
- μλκ° λ¬Όμ΄λ³΄λ λλ΅μ λͺ ννκ² λλ΅ν΄μ€μΌ νλ€. μ€μμ± μμ΄ λͺ ννκ² νλ κ²
- λͺ¨νΈνκ² λ§νμ§ λ§κΈ°, λΆνμν λ§μ νμ§ μκΈ°, μ§μμ μ°νκ² λ§νκΈ°
Violating the maxims
μλ‘ νλ ₯νλ €λ λμ μ κ° κΉλ € μλ€.
People tend to adhere to these maxims and expect others to do so. Therefore, if someone suddenly says, “It’s cold in here.” to someone standing by an open window, the listener can assume the speaker is violating the maxim of relevance, or she can assume that the utterance is relevant because the speaker would like he window closed.
μ¬λλ€μ μ΄λ¬ν maximμ κ³ μνλ κ²½ν₯μ΄ μκ³ λ€λ₯Έ μ¬λλ€μ΄ κ·Έλ κ² νκΈ°λ₯Ό μνλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, λκ΅°κ° κ° μ΄λ¦° μ°½λ¬Έ μμ μ μλ λκ΅°κ° μκ² κ°μκΈ° "μ¬κΈ°λ μΆ₯λ€" λΌκ³ λ§νλ©΄, λ£λ μ¬λμ νμκ° λνμμ μ κ΄λ ¨μ±μ΄ μλ λ§μ νκ³ μλ€κ³ κ°μ νκ±°λ, νμκ° μ°½λ¬Έμ λ«κΈ°λ₯Ό μνκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λ°μΈμ΄ κ΄λ ¨μ±μ΄ μλ€κ³ κ°μ ν μ μλ€.
- Can you pass the salt? -> politeness, to avoid FTA(체면μ μνλ νμ)
Face
- Face threatening act → μλλ°©μ 체면μ μνκ² νλ νμ
- Face saving act → μλλ°©μ 체면μ μ΄λ €μ£Όλ νμ
- Politeness (무λ‘ν¨)
Speech Acts
Speech Acts μ λν μ°κ΅¬λ μ¬λλ€μ΄ μΈμ΄λ‘ μ΄λ»κ² νλμ νλμ§ μ€λͺ
- Performative Verbs (μνλμ¬): λ§μ ν λ, νλμ μννλ λμ¬
- Some performative Verbs: bet, challenge, dare, fine, nominate, promise, resign
- Illocutionary force (λ°νλ ₯)
- λ°νλ ₯μ λͺ λ°±ν Performative Verbs μμ΄ λ°νλ₯Ό μλ°ν μ μλ€.
π‘ I’ve got five bucks that say you’re wrong
- When you make a request..
μ²μκΈ°λ₯Ό μλν΄μ€ vs. μ§μ΄ λλ¬μ
μ°λ κΈ°λ₯Ό λ²λ €μ€ vs. μ°λ κΈ°κ° λ무 λ§λ€
μ€κ±°μ§λ₯Ό ν΄μ€ vs. μ»΅μ΄ νλλ μλ€
μλ§ λ°₯ μ€ vs. μλ§ λ°°κ³ ν
λ Έλλ₯Ό μ¬μν΄μ€ vs. λ Έλ λ£κ³ μΆλ€
λ°μν
'π NLP (μμ°μ΄μ²λ¦¬) > π¨οΈ Linguistic Engineering' μΉ΄ν κ³ λ¦¬μ λ€λ₯Έ κΈ
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