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[Semantics & Pragmatics] Lexical Semantics - μ–΄νœ˜ 의미둠

Lexical Semantics: Reference & Sense

Referent (μ§€μ‹œ λŒ€μƒ): λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œ μ§€μ •λœ μ‹€μ œ

  • μ‚¬λ¬Όν•œ 단어가 μ–΄λ–€ κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” λŒ€μƒμ΄ μžˆλŠ” 것.
πŸ’‘ Example
Jack, the happy swimmer, my friend, and that guy can all have the same referent in the sentence Jack swims.
-> Jack = the happy swimmer = my friend = that guy
  • 간단해 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 의미λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ”κ±Έ μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” 건 쉽지가 μ•Šλ‹€.
    • 의미λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•΄μ•Ό 찾을 수 μžˆλ‹€. - μ§€μ‹œ λŒ€μƒμ΄ 같아도 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ λ‹€λ₯΄λ©΄ κ°™λ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example
Superman, born Kal-El and legally named Clark Kent, is the last son of Krypton, sent as the dying planet's last hope to Earth, where he grew to become its kind, noble protector.

Louis Lane is in love with Superman.
Louis Lane is in love with Clark Kent??

Sense (의미): μ°Έμ‘°μ™€λŠ” λ³„κ°œλ‘œ enduring인 의미의 μš”μ†Œ

  • 의미 O → μ§€μ‹œμ²΄ X / 의미 X → μ§€μ‹œμ²΄ O 인 κ²½μš°λ„ μžˆλ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example
  • μœ λ‹ˆμ½˜ & ν˜ΈλΉ— μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 언급은 μ—†λ‹€.
  • Proper names tend to have reference but no sense.
    • ex. 홍길동
  • The same reference but different senses
    • Barack Obama
    • The Former President (λ―Έν•©μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ μ „μˆ˜μž₯)
    • Michelle Obama’s husband

Lexical Relations: Synonyms (λ™μ˜μ–΄)

Synonyms (λ™μ˜μ–΄): 일뢀 λ˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έλ§₯μ—μ„œ 같은 의미λ₯Ό 가진 λ‹¨μ–΄λ‚˜ ν‘œν˜„.
  • 거이 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ— μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λ™μΌν•œ 의미둜 μ“°μ΄λŠ” 것이 λ™μ˜μ–΄ 라고 ν•œλ‹€.
    • μ™„μ „ν•œ λ™μ˜μ–΄λŠ” 이 세상에 μ—†λ‹€!
    • λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 두 단어가 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example
  • apathetic = indifferent
  • sofa = couch
  • μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ •ν™•νžˆ 같은 의미λ₯Ό 가진 두 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μ—†λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•œλ‹€.
    • 동무 vs. 친ꡬ
    • λ‚˜μ΄ vs. μ—°λ Ή
    • κ²½μ°° vs. 순경

Lexical Relations: Antonyms (λ°˜μ˜μ–΄)

Antonyms (λ°˜μ˜μ–΄): κ²ΉμΉ˜λŠ” κ±° 없이 2개둜 λ”± λ‚˜λ‰˜ μ§€λŠ” 단어, 뜻이 μ •λ°˜λŒ€μΈ 단어
  • Complementary[Simple] antonyms/Binary pairs
πŸ’‘ Example
  • alive/dead, present/absent, awake/asleep
  • alive = not dead, dead = not alive
  • 거의 μ£½λ‹€, μ•½κ°„ μ£½λ‹€, 거의 일어났닀, μ•½κ°„ 자고 μžˆλ‹€

 

  • Gradable pairs[antonyms]: 비ꡐ λŒ€μƒμ΄ μžˆλ‹€.
πŸ’‘ big/small, hot/cold, fast/slow, happy/sad

 

  • λ“±κΈ‰ν™” κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ°˜μ˜μ–΄μ˜ 일뢀 μŒμ€, ν‘œμ‹œ & ν‘œμ‹œ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μš©μ–΄ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λ©°, ν‘œμ‹œ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μš©μ–΄λŠ” 정도 λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example
How high is the mountain? not How low is the mountain?
How old are you? not How young are you?
  • Relational antonyms: 의미의 λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example: give/receive, buy/sell, employer/employee

  • Antonyms(λ°˜μ˜μ–΄)λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 의미적 νŠΉμ§•μ„ μ œμ™Έν•œ λͺ¨λ“  νŠΉμ§•μ„ 곡유
πŸ’‘ 그러면 이 단어듀은 λ°˜μ˜μ–΄ μΈκ°€μš”? 1. Buy vs. sell 2. Big vs. red

Semantic Features (의미둠적 νŠΉμ§•)

  • 단어& λ¬Έμž₯의 의미의 일뢀인 κ°œλ…μ  μš”μ†Œ
  • Semantic Feature (의미둠적 νŠΉμ§•)에 λŒ€ν•œ Evidence


Lexical Relations (μ–΄νœ˜ 관계)

Homonyms (λ™μ² λ™μŒμ΄μ˜μ–΄)

  • μ² μžκ°€ κ°™κ³  발음이 같은 단어
πŸ’‘ Example
  • bank: 은행, λ‘‘
  • 말, λ°°, 사과, 은행, ν™”μž₯

 

Homographs (λ™μ² μ΄μ˜μ–΄)

  • μ² μžκ°€ 같은 단어
πŸ’‘ Example
  • bow: μΈμ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€, ν™œ
  • dove: λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°, dive의 κ³Όκ±°ν˜•

 

Homophones (λ™μŒμ΄μ˜μ–΄)

  • μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ λ°œμŒμ€ 같은 단어
πŸ’‘ Example
  • bear and bare: κ³°, λ²Œκ±°λ²—μ€
  • flower and flour: 꽃, 밀가루

 

Polysemy (λ‹€μ˜μ–΄)

  • Polysemous(λ‹€μ˜μ–΄) λŠ” κ°œλ…μ  or μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ—¬λŸ¬ 의미λ₯Ό 가진 단어
  • 의미적 μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 관련이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄
πŸ’‘ Example
  • diamond: the geometric shape; a baseball field
  • κ°€μŠ΄: κ°€μŠ΄μ„ λ‚΄λ°€λ‹€; κ°€μŠ΄μ„ νƒœμš°λ‹€
  • μ•„μΉ¨: 아침이 λ°μ•„μ˜¨λ‹€; μ•„μΉ¨ λ¨ΉλŠ”λ‹€

Hyponym and hypernym (μƒμœ„μ–΄ & ν•˜μœ„μ–΄)

Hyponym and hypernym (μƒμœ„μ–΄ & ν•˜μœ„μ–΄)λŠ” 일반적인 μš©μ–΄μ™€ ν•΄λ‹Ή μš©μ–΄μ˜ νŠΉμ • μΈμŠ€ν„΄μŠ€ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œλ‹€.
rose, iris, daisy, and poppy are all a kind of flower, so rose, iris, daisy, and poppy -> κ½ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜
ν•˜μœ„μ–΄

  • WordNet
https://wordnet.princeton.edu/

 

A large lexical database of English words. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms called ‘synsets’, each expressing a distinct concept. Synsets are interlinked using conceptual-semantic and lexical relations such as hyponymy

πŸ’‘ Example


Argument Structure

Argument Structure (논항ꡬ쑰)

  • 의미 → 논항ꡬ쑰 = Subcategorization와 κ°™λ‹€.
  • μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλ„ λŒ€μž₯은 동사 (Verb)
  • Syntax의 Constraints(μ œμ•½μ‘°κ±΄) 및 Subcategorization(ν•˜μœ„ λ²”μ£Όν™”)와 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€.
  • λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ™μ‚¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 수의 NPλ₯Ό argument둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€.
  • Argumentλ₯Ό 가지면 μ•ˆλœλ‹€.
→ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄, μ˜μ–΄λƒμ— 따라 λͺ‡κ°œμ˜ λ…Όν•­ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ”κ²Œ 달라짐

λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ™μ‚¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 수의 NPλ₯Ό 인수둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€.

  • sleepκ³Ό 같은 λΆ€μ •μ‚¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ£Όμž₯을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€.
πŸ’‘ Example
  • μ•„κΈ°κ°€ μž”λ‹€.
  • She sings. κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯Έλ‹€.

 

  • find와 같은 νƒ€λ™μ‚¬λŠ” μΆ”κ°€ 인수(직접 λͺ©μ μ–΄)λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•œλ‹€
πŸ’‘ Example
  • κ·ΈλŠ” 물을 λ§ˆμ‹ λ‹€.
  • κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉœλ‹€.

 

  • give와 같은 μ΄μ€‘λ™μ‚¬λŠ” 두 개의 μΆ”κ°€ 인수(직접 λͺ©μ μ–΄μ™€ κ°„μ ‘ λͺ©μ μ–΄)λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•œλ‹€
πŸ’‘ Example
  • 꽃에 물을 μ€€λ‹€.

 

  • Verb(동사) λ˜ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όμž₯의 semantic properties (의미둠적 νŠΉμ„±)을 κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€
πŸ’‘ Example
  • find와 sleepκ³Ό 같은 λ™μ‚¬λŠ” 인간 에 λŒ€ν•œ μ£Όμ–΄λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œλ‹€.
  • drink와 같은 λ™μ‚¬λŠ” 앑체 에 λŒ€ν•œ 직접 λͺ©μ μ–΄λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œλ‹€.
  • 철수: human (subject)
  • 콜라: liquid
  • 꽃: plant
  • λ¬Ό: liquid
  • 화병: inanimate object

 

  • μ œμ•½μ‘°κ±΄ 및 ν•˜μœ„ λ²”μ£Όν™” (constraints and subcategorization)
    • Collocational or Bag-of-words
πŸ’‘ Example
  • 콜라 – λ§ˆμ‹œλ‹€
  • λ¬Ό – λ§ˆμ‹œλ‹€
  • 꽃 – λ¬Ό
  • 화병 – λ§ˆμ‹œλ‹€ ???
  • μˆ˜μ€ – λ§ˆμ‹œλ‹€ ????
  • 꽃 – λ§ˆμ‹œλ‹€ ???
그러면 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것듀이 같은 의미λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
  • XYZ corporation bought the stock.
  • They sold the stock to XYZ corporation.
  • The stock was bought by XYZ corporation.
  • The purchase of the stock by XYZ corporation…
  • The stock purchase by XYZ corporation…